|
Agency/
Rule |
Benefits |
Costs |
Other
Information |
|
Department
of Agriculture |
|
1996
Farm Bill Farm Program |
Not
Estimated |
Not
Estimated |
"Net
farm income (including crop and livestock sectors) during the
1996-2002 calendar years is expected to be about $15 billion
higher under the 1996 Act than under the FY 1997 President's
Budget baseline. This largely reflects higher Government payments
to farmers under the 1996 Act as production flexibility contract
payments exceed projected deficiency payments. Additionally,
changes in the timing of payments to farmers provide an additional
boost to farm income in the first year of the program--pushing
1996 net income up about $4 billion. However, net farm income
is up by less than the increase in Government payments due to
changes in the dairy and peanut programs. Crop sector receipts
are down slightly under the 1996 Act due to lower plantings
and production of the eight major commodities. Livestock sector
receipts are lower due primarily to lower dairy sector receipts.
Cash production expenses are up slightly due to increases in
net cash rents, which offset lower crop production expenses
from lower plantings.
"Farmland values are higher under the 1996 Act compared with
the FY 1997 President's Budget, reflecting the capitalized value
of higher income. Land values average about 3 percent higher
under the 1996 Act compared with FY 1997 President's Budget
estimates.
"Consumer costs are expected to be only slightly lower under
the 1996 Act. Because grain prices, on average, are expected
to be essentially unaffected, no appreciable change in grain-based
food product costs, such as cereal and meat products, is expected."
61 FR 37544-5.
"Alternatively, the 1996 Act can be compared to a no program''
baseline. Under the 1996 Act, contract commodity payments represent
a large portion of the benefits received by producers and there
are few planting restrictions. The major differences between
a no-program scenario (if the CRP and export programs were continued)
and the 1996 Act are that producers would no longer receive
contract commodity payments of about $35.9 billion and would
no longer be subject to farm conservation and wetland protection
requirements. The loss in farm income would likely entail substantial
short-term adjustments and financial stress. However, over the
longer term, a no-program scenario is expected to have little
or no impact on supply, demand, and prices compared with the
1996 Act for most commodities except for peanuts, sugar, and,
in the initial years of the period, dairy.
"Plantings would be expected to decrease marginally with little
or no change in market prices. Farm income would likely be lower,
but lost revenue from eliminating contract commodity payments
would be partially offset by lower cash rents. Land values would
be lower if there were no program. In the aggregate, compared
with a no-program scenario, impacts of the 1996 Act on the livestock
industry, input industry, consumers, and the general economy
would be minimal in the long run. However, impacts in some sectors,
such as those dependent on the peanut program and sugar program,
may be more significant.." 61 FR 37545-46. |
|
Conservation
Reserve Program |
$2
billion/yr,
1997- 2002 |
$900
million/yr,
1997 - 2002 |
Other
miscellaneous (unquantified) benefits: swimming, boating, wetland
conservation, human health impacts, and reduced nutrients in
habitats; $5.8 billion/yr in transfers from consumers and taxpayers
to farmers. |
|
Karnal
Bunt |
Not
Estimated |
Not
Estimated |
"This
rule is being published on an emergency basis in order to give
affected growers the opportunity to make planting decisions
for the 1996-97 crop season on a timely basis...This rule may
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities. If we determine this is so, then we will discuss
the issues raised by section 604 of the Regulatory Flexibility
Act in our Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, which we will
publish in a future Federal Register." 61 FR 52206. |
|
Hazard
Analysis and Critical Control Points |
$0.71-$26.59
billion present value discounted over 20 years |
$0.97-1.16
billion present value discounted over 20 years |
"The
benefits are based on reducing the risk of foodborne illness
due to Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Escherichia coli 0157:H7,
Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. ... these four pathogens
are the cause of 1.4 to 4.2 million cases of foodborne illness
per year. FSIS has estimated that 90 percent of these cases
are caused by contamination occurring at the manufacturing stage
that can be addressed by improved process control. This addressable
foodborne illness costs society from $0.99 to $3.69 billion,
annually. The high and low range occurs because of the current
uncertainty in the estimates of the number of cases of foodborne
illness and death attributable to the four pathogens. Being
without the knowledge to predict the effectiveness of the requirements
in the rule to reduce foodborne illness, the Department has
calculated projected health benefits for a range of effectiveness
levels, where effectiveness refers to the percentage of pathogens
eliminated at the manufacturing stage..." 61 FR 38956.
"The link between regulatory effectiveness and health benefits
is the assumption that a reduction in pathogens leads to a proportional
reduction in foodborne illness. FSIS has presented the proportional
reduction calculation as a mathematical expression that facilitates
the calculation of a quantified benefit estimate for the purposes
of this final RIA. FSIS has not viewed proportional reduction
as a risk model that would have important underlying assumptions
that merit discussion or explanation. For a mathematical expression
to be a risk model, it must have some basis or credence in the
scientific community. That is not the case here. FSIS has acknowledged
that very little is known about the relationship between pathogen
levels at the manufacturing stage and dose, i.e., the level
of pathogens consumed." 61 FR 38945-6. |
|
Department
of Commerce |
|
Encryption
Items Transferred from the U.S. Munitions List to the Commerce
Control List |
Not
Estimated |
$834,000
(govt admin cost FY97), $591,850 (paperwork burden costs) |
Unquantified
benefits in terms of improved national security, law enforcement
and public safety benefits, and economic benefits for industry:
"This initiative will support the growth of electronic commerce;
increase the security of the global information infrastructure;
protect privacy, intellectual property and other valuable information;
and sustain the economic competitiveness of U.S. encryption
product manufacturers during the transition to a key management
infrastructure. 61 FR 68573. |
|
Department
of Health and Human Services |
|
Food
Labeling/ Nutrition Labeling:Small Business Exemption |
$275-360
million/yr |
$4
million in first year, expected to decline thereafter |
None
reported. |
|
Restriction
on the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco |
$9.2-10.4
billion/yr at 7% discount rate; $28.1-43.2 billion/yr at 3%
discount rate |
$180
million/yr at 7% discount rate |
Unspecified
costs of mandatory consumer education program.
"These totals do not include the benefits expected from fewer
fires (over $160 million annually), reduced passive smoking,
or infant death and morbidity associated with mothers' smoking...."
"In addition, while FDA could not quantify the benefits that
will result from the projected decline in the use of smokeless
tobacco, they would be considerable." 61 FR 44396ff. |
|
Medical
Devices: Quality Systems Regulation |
$29
million/yr; 44 deaths avoided/yr;484 to 677 serious injuries
avoided/yr |
$82
million/yr |
"The
medical device industry would gain substantial economic benefits
from the proposed changes to the [Comprehensive Good Manufacturing
Practices, "CGMP"] regulation in three ways: Cost savings from
fewer recalls, productivity gains from improved designs, and
efficiency gains for export-oriented manufacturers who would
now need to comply with only one set of quality standards.
"These estimates of the public health benefits from fewer design-related
deaths and serious injuries represent FDA's best projections,
given the limitations and uncertainties of the data and assumptions.
The above numbers, however, do not capture the quality of life
losses to patients who experience less severe injuries than
those reported in [medical device recalls, "MDR's"], who experience
anxiety as a result of treatment with an unreliable medical
device, or who experience inconvenience and additional medical
costs because of device failure.
"Medical device malfunctions are substantially more numerous
than deaths or injuries from device failures and also represent
a cost to society. Malfunctions represent a loss of product
and an inconvenience to users and/or patients. Additionally,
medical device malfunctions burden medical personnel with additional
tasks, such as repeating treatments, replacing devices, returning
and seeking reimbursement for failed devices, and providing
reports on the circumstances of medical device failures. No
attempt was made to quantify these additional costs." 61 FR
52602ff. |
|
Department
of the Interior |
|
Migratory
Bird Hunting (Early Season Frameworks) |
Not
Estimated |
Not
Estimated |
Reports
that duck hunters spend an estimated $416 million/yr; unquantified
economic stimulus benefits derived from spending on duck hunting;
unquantified benefit of value to hunters (consumer surplus)
from more than 11 million hunting days per year; unquantified
benefit to bird population by reducing overcrowding and ensuring
continued use of resource in future. |
|
Migratory
Bird Hunting (Late Season Frameworks) |
Not
Estimated |
Not
Estimated |
Reports
that duck hunters spend an estimated $416 million/yr; unquantified
economic stimulus benefits derived from spending on duck hunting;
unquantified benefit of value to hunters (consumer surplus)
from more than 11 million hunting days per year; unquantified
benefit to bird population by reducing overcrowding and ensuring
continued use of resource in future. |
|
Department
of Labor |
|
Exposure
to Methylene Chloride (MC) |
31
cancer cases/yr avoided; 3 deaths/yr avoided from acute central
nervous system effects and carboxyhemo- globinemia |
$101
million/yr |
"MC
exposures above the level at which the final rule's STEL is
set--125 ppm--are also associated with acute central nervous
system effects, such as dizziness, staggered gait, and diminished
alertness, all effects that can lead to workplace accidents.
OSHA estimates that as many as 30,000 to 54,000 workers will
be protected by the final rule's STEL from experiencing CNS
effects and episodes of carboxyhemoglobinemia every year. Moreover,
exposure to the liquid or vapor forms of MC can lead to eye,
skin, and mucous membrane irritation, and these material impairments
will also be averted by compliance with the final rule. Finally,
contact of the skin with MC can lead to percutaneous absorption
and systemic toxicity and thus lead to additional cases of cancer
that have not been taken into account in the benefits assessment.
" 62 FR 1567-68. |
|
Department
of Transportation |
|
Airbag
Depowering |
83-101
fewer fatalities, 5,100 - 8,800 fewer serious injuries over
lifetime of one full model-year's vehicles |
$0 |
50
- 431 more fatalities and 171 - 553 more serious/severe chest
injuries over lifetime of one full model-year's vehicles; substantial
unquantified reduction in minor/moderate injuries. |
|
Light
Truck CAFE Model-Year 1999 |
Not
Estimated |
Not
Estimated |
None
reported. |
|
Roadway
Worker Protection |
$240
million present value discounted over 10 years |
$229
million present value discounted over 10 years |
Possible
increased capacity of rail lines and improved morale. |
|
Environmental
Protection Agency |
|
Accidental
Release Prevention |
$174
million/yr |
$97
million/yr |
Unspecified
value of information made available through disclosure/reporting
requirements; efficiency gains, increased technology transfer,
indirect cost savings, and increased goodwill; possible damage
reductions attributable to offsite consequence analysis and
to a reduction in routine emissions. |
|
Financial
Assurance for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills |
$105
million/yr |
$0 |
None
reported. |
|
Deposit
Control Gasoline |
Avg
Emission Reductions per Year, 1997-2001:
25,000 t HC,
474,000 t CO,
95,000 t Nox |
Avg
Cost/Yr, 1997 - 2000:
$138 million/yr |
Fuel
economy benefits are also expected as a result of the detergent
program, amounting to nearly 450 million gallons during the
1995-2001 period. The savings associated with this fuel economy
benefit are expected to partially offset the costs of the program.
This rule should result in increased sales and business opportunities
within the fuel additive industry. EPA anticipates that this
program may result in significant vehicle maintenance benefits.
However, due to uncertainties in their magnitude, and for other
reasons, they were not considered quantitatively in the analysis. |
|
Acid
Rain Phase II Nitrogen Oxides Emission Controls |
Emission
Reductions per Year:
890,000 t Nox |
$204
million/yr |
None
reported. |
|
Federal
Test Procedure Revisions |
Emission
Reductions:
In 2005:
30,994 t NMHC,
1,937,114 t CO,
164,112 t NOx
In 2010:
54,892 t NMHC,
3,430,769 t CO,
290,655 t NOx
In 2015:
72,025 t NMHC,
4,501,555 t CO,
381,372 t NOx
In 2020:
81,977 t NMHC,
5,123,565 t CO,
434,068 t Nox |
$199-245
million/yr |
Analysis
does not include potential fuel savings of $13.45 discounted
over the lifetime of the average vehicle, or about $202 million/yr. |
|
Voluntary
Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles |
Emission
Reductions (tons/ozone season- weekday):
In 2005:
279 t NMOG,
3,756 t CO,
400 t NOx
In 2007:
399 t NMOG,
5,302 t CO,
600 t NOx
In 2015:
778 t NMOG,
9,723 t CO,
1,249 t Nox |
$600
million/yr |
None
reported. |
|
Lead-Based
Paint Activities in Target Housing |
Not
Estimated |
$1.114
billion present value over 50 years discounted at 3% |
Will
provide consumers with greater assurance that they will be able
to purchase abatement services of reliable quality. |
|
Abbreviations:
CO = carbon monoxide, HC = hydrocarbons, Kt = kilotons, NMHC
= non-methane hydrocarbons, NMOG= non-methane organic gases,
NOx = nitrogen oxides, t = tons. |
|